Exploring the Potential of Nanotechnology in Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Implications

Aquaculture has emerged as one of the fastest-growing global food industries in recent years, playing a vital role in meeting the increasing demand for animal protein. However, several challenges, such as disease prevalence, chemical contamination, environmental degradation and inefficient feed utilization, have significantly impeded the sector's ability to contribute effectively to global food security. To address these challenges, considerable efforts have been made to leverage advancements in science and technology within aquaculture. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising and effective tool to tackle these challenges across various aspects of aquaculture, including fish nutrition, biotechnology, genetics, reproduction, pathology and environmental sustainability. The utilization of emerging nano-materials, such as nano-elements enriched feed, has notably enhanced fish growth and has been applied in aquatic systems to mitigate pollutants, thereby reducing treatment costs. Furthermore, integrating genetically manipulated techniques with nano-biotechnology has led to significant advancements in fish genetics research. Innovative nanotechnology applications, such as nano-sensors, DNA nano-vaccines and drug delivery systems, have revolutionized fish health, reproduction and immune system management. Additionally, nanotechnology is increasingly employed in the fish processing industry to ensure sterile packaging, precise flavoring and high-quality products. Moreover, bio-nano-engineering techniques for optimal utilization of fishery wastes and the implementation of green nanoparticles signify a promising era in post-harvesting practices. This comprehensive review aims to delve into nanotechnology's diverse and good applications in aquaculture, exploring its potential and the challenges it presents.