Pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis with Future Therapeutic Targets- An Update

Rhinitis is defined by a combination of two or more nasal symptoms (running, blocking, itching, and sneezing). Allergic Rhinitis (AR) occurs when these symptoms are due to Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated inflammation following exposure to the allergen. The current review article has attempted to revisit the pathophysiologic basis of this disease in order to understand the likely therapeutic targets. Controlling histone acetylation with histone deacetylase inhibitors, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypermethylation with DNA methyl transferase inhibitors and post-transcriptional gene expression with micro Ribonucleic Acid (miRNA) mimetics which target epigenetic changes, may aid in the treatment of AR. The allergen-induced nasal hypersecretion in allergic patients can also be definitively blocked by vidian neurectomy. Probiotics are non pathogenic microorganisms that are assumed to exert a positive influence on host health and physiology which may aid in the treatment of AR. Reversing or targeting the epigenetic changes in susceptible individuals can help prevent sensitisation of the individual and better treatment outcome in patients with AR, help cure the symptoms and lack of drug dependance.