VOCALIZATION IN HANUMAN LANGUR, SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS AROUND JODHPUR, RAJASTHAN

The study presents the observation on different vocalizations and the social organization in Hanuman langur, Semnopithecus entellus around Jodhpur (western Rajasthan). Four focal groups (2 bisexual and 2 all malebands) were followed under natural conditions for 1999-2003 in order to obtain data on vocal communication in the species. The vocal repertoires of Hanuman langur consist of at least 19 vocal pattems, concerning the degree and dimension of structural variation. The most comon vocalizations are loud calls (whoops), harsh barks, cough barks, grunt barks, pant barks, grunts, honks, rumble, rumble scream, hiccup and alam calls. Of these most common vocal repertoire is the loud calls or whoops, which are associated with preparation for movements, finalization of sitting arrangements and other events. These whoop calls can be heard over distances that are typically greater than the diameter of the home range of the group, which varies from 0.5- 2.0 sq km. The most functional explanation of long distance calls in primates has focused on their role in