A Comprehensive Review on Role of Agricultural Extension Services in the Sustainable Development of Global Agriculture

In an era where agriculture is facing unprecedented challenges, from climate change to increasing food demands, this paper aims to critically re-evaluate the current paradigms governing agricultural extension services. These services are instrumental in bridging the gap between agricultural research and practical farming, serving as a catalyst for the dissemination of knowledge, technology, and best practices among farmers. Recognizing their pivotal role in agricultural transformation, this paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the role and effectiveness of agricultural extension services, advocating for a multidimensional assessment framework that incorporates environmental, social, and economic indicators. Traditionally, the success of agricultural extension services has been measured primarily through yield improvements or technological adoptions. This study argues that such unidimensional assessments are inadequate for capturing the complex, interrelated challenges and opportunities in contemporary agriculture. On the environmental front, factors like soil health, water quality, and biodiversity are shown to be foundational for sustainable agricultural practices and have immediate consequences for crop yield and quality. Social considerations, including farmers' well-being, community cohesion, and equitable access to resources, are equally crucial. These extend the scope of agricultural extension services beyond the mere dissemination of technical knowledge to encompass broader social objectives, such as community development and social equity. Economically, the study underscores the importance of indicators like profitability, yield per hectare, and value-added products, emphasizing that these are both immediate and long-term measures of the success of agricultural practices. By combining these diverse but interrelated metrics, the paper presents a more holistic view of the effectiveness of agricultural extension services. The research concludes by recommending policy adjustments and methodological shifts to incorporate this integrated assessment framework, aiming to guide the transition toward a more sustainable, equitable, and economically viable agricultural landscape.